Anywho, here's the list of terms to know that Matthews flashed across the board during class the other day that he claimed he was going to print out, but obviously didn't. These are a brief summary of the important aspects of each term. Oh, and don't watch the Disney version of Pocahontas before this test if by some chance you were planning to, because then you'll definitely fail, watch it Wednesday night instead! (but if you're planning on watching the House season premiere Wednesday night instead of Poca-whatever, I totally understand because that's where I'll be too ;) )
[*update: I seem to have lied to you all, and I'm terribly sorry, but House is not on tonight, but Monday instead. Technically AOL lied to me first :P]
Terms to Know =)
1. Monoculture- colonies that have only one culture or main objective; one activity that the economy revolves around; impacted native peoples greatly, created a gap between rich and poor; proprietary colonies are examples, -tobacco: English (Chesapeake) ; sugar in the Caribbean; slave trade in the Carolinas until that crashed and burned
2. New Mexico- Onate chosen by Spanish viceroy to colonize New Mexico, the Spanish had forgotten the failure of that other guy who's name I've forgotten 100 years earlier (I think it starts with a C if you really need to know), and decided that New Mexico held untold riches and wealth; no wealth was found but Onate colonized anywhere. Arid, dry climate, and there were no ports for ships to dock to deliver supplies; Onate mistook the cautious friendliness of the Pueblo people for their desire to serve him because clearly, he was obviously superior (btw check out that After the Fact blurb in our text, it's pretty funny)
3. Onate- son of one of New Spain's richest miners, egotistical with a superiority complex, married the great-great granddaughter of both Cortez and Moctezuma (how'd that happen??); he was cruel to the native Pueblos, and eventually yanked from his position by the Spanish authorities and charged with the mistreatment of Indians [observe picture below]
4. Acoma- The Acoma siege, older Zaldivar killed by the Acoma Pueblos after he killed and ate a several sacred turkeys (what do the people in India think of us eating hamburgers?). The Acoma people killed him, and the younger Zaldivar (Vincente) was put in charge by Onate to lead a punitive expedition to punish the Indians. He killed over 800 Pueblos and laid siege to Acoma- this episode showed all of the regions' native communities about the risk of resistance against the Spanish. Acoma was known as the "Sky City".
5. Franciscans- pushed King Philip III to continue supporting the New Mexican colonies after the Onate disaster because of the baptized Indians who remained there; key actors in Spanish North Americas, used by king to consolidate his power over Florida, less flexible than the Jesuits
6. Mendez de Alvila- did much to secure Florida in the 1560s when he destroyed France's Fort Caroline and established several posts for Spain on the coast. However when he died these settlements were taken over by Indians and privateers. Only St. Augustine remained as a Spanish possession in Florida, causing the king to turn to the Franciscans to establish missions in Florida
7. Mission- communities set up by Franciscan monks, used to spread Christianity and baptize native people, central to Spain trying to keep possession of Florida, which they were able to do for a time
8. Santa Fe- 17th century, New Mexico colonies began to stabilize. Santa Fe is the second-oldest European town in the US. However, many Spanish settled near well watered Pueblo villages instead of roughing it out in the main settlement. Economic and political life revolved around a dozen prominent families; diverse community made up of many different types of people, large number of Indian captives in Spanish households; colonists extracted labor from the Pueblo Indians
9. Mestizo- persons of mixed Spanish-Indian heritage (remember that Mestizo has both a S and an I in it for Spanish-Indian)
10. Mulatto- persons of mixed Spanish-African heritage
10.5 Mesulatto- a term I made up to describe people of Indian-African heritage, but I don't really think this is a legit concept.
11. Pope- not the Catholic one; he lead the Pueblos in a general uprising against the Spanish after being oppressed by them and after not being allowed to practice their own religion; August 1680 New Mexican Indians started killing Spanish; led the Pueblo Revolt
12. Pueblo Revolt- Spaniards fled to Santa Fe, followed by Pope and army; Pueblos laid siege to Santa Fe, and remaining colonists fled south out of New Mexico; this was the most successful Indian uprising in North American history
13. Mercantilism- an economic model based on enriching the nation by creating a favorable balance of trade; guided Europe's commercial expansion for 200 years; based on theory that value of exports should be greater than the cost of imports which would bring in revenue; monarchs approved of this system as it increased their power and brought them more money for taxes
[this is Adam Smith listening to music!]
14. Joint stock company- founded by merchants and gentlemen, sold stock in their Jamestown venture (or other colony adventure) to English investors; planned to use the proceeds from the stock to send hundreds of poor, unemployed, and some skilled crafts workers to the New World. Laborers were to work for seven years for the company to pay off their passage
15. Virginia Company (London branch)- the joint-stock company developed by the English who settled Jamestown
16. Chesapeake Bay- area where Jamestown was settled; set up on an island peninsula to prevent attack from Spanish; however marshy area provided breeding ground for malaria; settlers died by the scores; near Powhatans people and later on tobacco was grown there
17. Jamestown (demographic)- demographic means population levels; colonists had little taste for labor and knew nothing about growing crops, so they bullied the native people for food. Population decreased rapidly from disease and malnutrition, population increased only by way of immigration
18. 'Starving time'- Jamestown's original colonists did not grow crops and therefore had nothing to eat, many suffered from malnutrition which made them susceptible to disease; the 'starving time' was the winter of 1609 to 1610 of which only 60 of Jamestown's 500 inhabitants survived
19. John Smith- a brash man who managed to bring some order to Jamestown, bullied the Indians but somehow managed to take a genuine interest in their ways. For more, read the weird spaced out section on page 54, and After the Fact: the one on Virginia, because that's all our book says about him
20. Powhatan (confederacy)- werowance who led the confederacy with other native American tribes; thought Europeans inferior and wanted to use Europeans to his own advantage; wanted English goods and guns to subdue his rivals; ruler of the Pamunky people and also over other nearby tribes he fashioned into a 'confederacy'
[picture time :)]
21. Werowance- a native American chief who rules over the tribe, such as Powhatan or Wingina (what a name)
22. Pocahontas- Powhatan's child, married Jamestown resident John Rolfe. Apparently Disney screwed up that story; that's all the white book says, try After the Fact for more
23. Edwin Sandys (reforms/Headright)- going to ask to discuss this in class (read After the Fact)
24. Tobacco- grown in Jamestown and Virginia; poor quality grown in the Caribbean before the sugar boom; originally brought in high profits for the farmers who grew it, but prices dropped due to an overabundance, causing farmers to plant more: 1620s was where prices peaked
25. Types of labor- indentured servants, apprentices, and laborers, read After the Fact for more one this
26. Indenture- young men and women who couldn't find work signed indentures; promoted immigration and promised riches after time of servitude was complete. However, it became hard for ex-indenturees (I don't know if that's a word) to obtain land, 40% of indentures died before they could finish their time of service
27. African slavery- more expensive than white servants; many of the first black setters came directly from Caribbean and had learned English; after 1680s death rates in Chesapeake dropped and black slaves lived longer and the masters who owned them had title to their children; the influx of white servants was dropping as black labor expanded: for more read page 67 'From Servitude to Slavery' and 'Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade'
28. 'Seasoning'- slaves new to the Americas had to survive the first year in the New World, being 'seasoned' to new European diseases; sickle cell trait helped blacks against malaria but they were more prone to respiratory infection; new slaves also had to adapt to lives without freedoms in an unfamiliar country with unfamiliar customs
[seasoning:]
29. Proprietary colony- a colony set up by wealthy merchants, gentlemen, and aristocrats who 'ruled' over the poorer white inhabitants who either worked on the gentry's land or owned small plots of land; the proprietors of the colony created laws and levied taxes, Chesapeake was originally a proprietary colony; Maryland was as well
30. Royal colony- a colony ruled by the king of the mother country, controlled the colonies by viceroys and bureaucratic officials; the Carolinas started out as proprietary colonies but were taken over by King Charles II and converted into royal colonies in 1729
31. Calvert- the aristocratic family who founded Maryland in 1632; held 10 million acres of land which they distributed to their friends and other immigrants; collected 'quintrets' from the settlers on their land; proprietary rulers who allowed the largest land owners to dispense justice and make laws for the entire colony
32. Maryland- a proprietary colony north of Virginia and a haven for Catholics, a source of economic competition for the Virginians; settlers planted tobacco; after 1700 becomes colony of farming families who accepted the leadership of their 'superiors'
33. Opechancanough- Powhatan's son, leader of the remnants of Powhatan's confederacy; hounded by Virginians to bring them food and supplies; led a group of Indians into battle with the Virginians but he was captured and shot through the head and the Powhatan confederacy died with him (he was pretty old when he did this)
34. 'Salutary Neglect'- Chesapeake colony originally evolved without involvement with the English Crown, proprietors wanted to rule by themselves and resented monarchy interruption; happened because of the English civil war = monarchs too busy fighting Parliament (and losing) to pay attention to their colonies over the Atlantic
35. Navigation Acts- a series of regulations passed that made sure that England and English merchants had a monopoly on colonial goods, Acts were mercantilistic but Chesapeake planters chafed under them; unintentionally worsened economic and social difficulties of Chesapeake society
36. Social Divisions- Society separated into poor white men, the wealthy big planters, freed indentured servants, diminished opportunities for the poorer white settlers; in 1676 one-quarter of Virginia's free white men remained landless; helped contribute to Bacon's rebellion
37. Bacon's Rebellion- Bacon upset that Berkely won't allow him the privileged right to trade with the Indians, he took up the cause of the poor frontier farmers against their common enemy the governor; Bacon bullied the assembly into letting him kill Indians who had been revolting; Berkely rallied support and gathered a force to fight Bacon; 1676 Bacon reduced Jamestown to a mound of ashes but died of dysentery, ending the rebellion
[Bacon photo]
38. Coode's Rebellion- well-to-do planters in Maryland wanted a share of the Calvert's power, and were upset that the Calverts were Catholic; July 1689 John Coode (former assembly member) gathered an army and captured the proprietary governor; took grievances to England; Crown revoked the Calvert's charter until 1715, by which time Calverts had become Protestants
39. Sugar- grown mostly in the Caribbean; 1640's the Dutch showed Barbados planters how to cultivate sugarcane; sugar plantations and slave labor quickly spread to other French and English islands; Caribbean sugar made more money for England than the total volume of commodities exported by all the mainland American colonies combined
40. West Indies- the earliest arrivals intended not to colonize but to steal from the Spanish; English however established permanent plantation colonies; Caribbean settlements became jump-off points for the South Carolina colony; originally revolved around tobacco before sugar cultivation; disease was a constant problem and the population grew only through immigration; African slaves replaced indentured servants
41. Carolina- founded by Berkely and Colleton, originally founded North Carolina but it lacked good harbors and they had no convenient way of marketing agriculture; remained a poor colony; South Carolina had a center at Charles Town with a proprietor and a hereditary nobility-immigrants from the Barbados challenged proprietary rule. Later grew rice and became involved with the slave wars
42. Berkely- Virginia's royal governor; helped to colonize the Carolina's; fought against Bacon during the rebellion; held a monopoly on Virginia's Indian trade; a proprietary governor of the Carolinas (and New Jersey- according to Mr. Matthews)
43. Shaftesbury- aka Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper- sponsored immigrants who first settled South Carolina; Cooper hoped to create an ideal society; wanted gentry to rule over the small property holders; drew up Fundamental Constitutions with John Locke; Carolina had a hereditary nobility called the Council of Lords
44. Fundamental Constitutions- drawn up by Cooper and Locke; Council of Lords would recommend all laws to a Parliament elected by lesser landowners; however immigrants challenged proprietary rule and ignored laws that were made and rejected the proprietors benevolent vision of Indian relations
45. Carolina slave trade- Carolina's traders bought captives from Indians as slaves and exported them to other colonies or the Caribbean; the chaos of native peoples societies gave enterprising Indians ample opportunity to enslave weak neighbors and sell them to Carolina traders; started the Southeastern slave wars
46. Yamasees- an ally of theCarolinas who were fearful the slave traders would turn on them; they attacked traders, posts, and plantations on the outskirts of Charlestown and killed hundreds of colonists; the Yamasee War put an end to the destructive regional slave trade
47. Rice- colonists in the Carolinas turned to the cultivation of rice and invested more and more of their resources in African slaves; swampy area good for rice but not human habitation- lots of diseases; colonists were isolated and had little in common with one another
48. Oglethorpe- started the colonization of Georgia, was granted charter by King George II; aimed to provide the 'worthy poor' with land, employment, and a new start; trustees ruled Georgia and designed a system for a virtuous and egalitarian utopia which the Georgians did not like; Gerogia turned to royal control in 1752.
I apologize from the bottom of my heart that this is so insanely long, and if you haven't died by the time you get to read this you're amazing =) I hope this helps...so since our test is on a chapel day Mr. Matthews said that there's only going to be one essay, so my theory is it's going to be something that will span both chapters, like an issue that is related to both chapters and can be examined and analyzed, just a thought! I'll put up chapter 4 by tonight okay? :) Susanna
Susanna...
ReplyDeleteyou=saint
you are amazing thank youu soooo much!
-Cassidy :)