Part Two:
21. Massachusetts Bay Company- Congregationalists: merchants, landed gentlemen, and lawyers who organized the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1629. These Puritan aimed to build a better society in America; obtained a royal charter confirming its title to most of Massachusetts and New Hampshire; Salem established north of Plymouth; John Winthrop was the governor; established town of Boston, transformed the charter of the company into the basis for government (aka Massachusetts Bay Colony)
22. John Winthrop- stockholder in the Massachusetts Bay Company, also the company's first government's chief executive; governor, assistants, and freemen (company stockholders) made up the General Court; he was a tough-minded and visionary lawyer; wanted to build a godly "city on a hill" that would serve as an example to the world; the General Court passed all laws, levied taxes, established courts, and made war and peace. After 1634 meetings became more localized
23. New England (demographic and social)- people lived to the average age of 70; 90% of children survived to adulthood (what are those stats now?); New England's population increased naturally while the southern population's population grew only through immigration and the importation of slaves; New Englanders arrived in groups rather than as young, indentured servants who unsettled society; the women to men ration was fairly balanced
[Is it time for a picture yet?]
24. Family Institutions- New Englanders established tightly knit communities; almost every adult male owned property; strong family institutions contributed to order and stability; multi-generation families living together; fathers had greater authority over even their grown children
25. Churches- constituted the center of colonial life in New England; new members had to show proof of 'conversions'; ministers did not serve as officers in the civil government, and the Congregational churches owned no property, individual congregations ran and regulated their own affairs
26. Thomas Hooker- the minister of Cambridge who led his congregation to Connecticut where they established the first English settlement; more liberal than other Bay Puritans; favored more lenient standards for Church membership
[don't you wonder what he looked like]
27. Roger Williams- Rhode Island's founder; came to New England in 1631 and served as a respected minister in Salem. However, he later endorsed full religious toleration and urged a more complete separation of church and state; announced that he was a Separatist and wanted the Bay Colony to break all ties with the Church of England; which didn't go over well, exiled to Rhode Island, where they exiled all the crazies apparently
27.5 Hutchinson- I don't feel the need to talk about her, she's in the same boat with Hooker and Williams
28. New England women- [finally, women's issues; not that we're excited about this, because it probably won't be on the AP exam :p]; Women in colonial New England were offered little scope for their talents, especially if they were married; most adult women = hardworking farm wives who took care of the family and planted gardens and other chores; had mundane lives of doing the same thing over again (like this class, it's our third year: seriously) women were also at legal disadvantages, and couldn't sue or be sued (bonus); women had no control over property, and could not vote in colonial elections; the one area they could attain something approaching equal standards with men was in the church
29. Witchcraft- [you just know a good picture is coming up soon :)] ; assertive women in communities were accused of being witches (if that were the case today, Hilary Clinton = witch, Marilyn Monroe = witch, Taylor Swift = not so much) ; New Englanders believed in witches and wizards and 344 people were charged with being involved with Satan, but only 20 were killed; most of the accused devil worshipers were women
[the bottom says: making evil look innocent; I like this one, it's funny]
30. English expansion consequences- even though there were similarities between Puritans and Indians (such as relying on fishing, hunting, and cultivating for food: who doesn't?) English expansion in the area came at the Indian's expense; Indian land was gained in one of three ways: 1. Sometimes purchased but the sales were not always honest
2. Colonists took over land emptied by disease
3. Colonists encouraged and participated in regional wars to obtain native lands
New England settlers studied Indian feuds to better exploit them; colonial forces joined the Narragansetts in a campaign against the Pequots and set fire to their main village and killed hundreds of natives (Pequot war); and eventually the colonists turned on their former allies to get their land
31. John Eliot- tried to bring the word of God to the Indians; he preached in Algonquain in the 1640s and oversaw a project to publish the scriptures in Algonquin using the Latin alphabet; established 'praying towns'; like Harvard who participated in missions as well and established Indian colleges and dormitories on campus to instruct the Wampanoag youth in the English language and in Protestantism; however the book mentions that these efforts did not embody respect for Indian culture or religion
32. Metacom- Masasoit's son whom the English called King Philip; thought he could preserve his nation only by chancing war; he rallied most of southern New England's native peoples and laid waste to Plymouth Colony; but he couldn't keep it up and he was defeated by the English who had allied with the Mohawks; and was killed; "King Philip's War" inflicted twice the casualties on New England that the United States as a whole would suffer in the American Civil War, in proportion to the population
[photo opp]
33. The Mid-Atlantic Colonies- included New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware; colonists here enjoyed more secure lives than most southern colonial people. The English took over New York after the Dutch moved out (see Part 1), the Dutch resented English rule and James was not a good ruler and would not allow for the Charter of Liberties, which would have guaranteed basic political rights. New Jersey was disorganized: it was the Duke of York's propriety grant, he gave it to some friends, who guaranteed settlers religious freedom and a representative assembly if they would be good and pay their quintrets, but then New York's governor gave Long Island Puritans land there; the friends of the Duke of York (Berkeley and Carteret) decided to split New Jersey into two parts, and it became a patchwork of religious and ethnic groups; 1702 the Crown reunited it as a single colony. Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn and inhabited by Quakers
34. Diversity (ethnic and religious)- we're going to divide this up
- New York- after James (the Grand Ole Duke of York, he had ten thousand men, never mind) defeated the Dutch for control of the area, but the area was hard to govern because the people who made it up came from many various backgrounds, such as Dutch, Belgians, French, English, Portuguese, Swedes, Finns, and Africans
- New Jersey- when it was split in half, both halves were sold to Quaker investors which upset New Jersey's Puritan inhabitants, settlers who shared a common religion or national origin formed communities and established small family farms
- Pennsylvania- a haven for Quakers, but colonists also included Catholics, Lutherans, Baptists, Anglicans, and Presbyterians, and later Scandinavian peoples
35. New Jersey- pretty much already gave a good summary of this fine area, the main points are that it was sold to many different people many different times and it became a patchwork of religious and ethnic groups before it was reunited by the Crown in 1702
36. Quakers- people who dressed in a deliberately plain manner, withheld the customary marks of respect from their superiors, refused to go to war, and allowed women public roles in worship. (how different are they from angsty, Amish teenagers who participate in Evangelism Explosion?- not that that happens) William Penn founded Pennsylvania; also known as the Society of Friends; had egalitarian ideals and believed that all men and women shared equally in the "Light Within"
37. William Penn- a Quaker who was friends with King Charles II, founded Pennsylvania; Charles did this on purpose because the king was either paying Penn back for the large sum of money his father had lent the Stuarts or he considered it convenient that his trusted friend was able to get all of the Quakers out of England and keep an eye on them; Penn envisioned that his proprietary colony would provide a refuge for Quakers while producing quintrets for himself; he distributed pamphlets praising his colony throughout England and Europe; Quakers from other colonies also flocked to Pennsylvania (please read page 102 'Patterns of Growth')
38. Charter of Privileges- 1701 Pennsylvania's new constitution which stripped the council of its legislative power and left only the role of the advising governor; it also limited Penn's privileges as proprietor to the ownership of ungranted land
39. Royal intervention- [could be made into a reality show on MTV] King James II (formerly the Duke of York) pushed the Lords of Trade to consolidate the colonies of Connecticut, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire into a single entity to be ruled by a royal governor and a royally appointed council. Add New York and New Jersey, and you've got the new Dominion of New England; representative government was abolished there; this experiment was short lived as the Glorious Revolution occurred and William and Mary were placed on the throne
40. Glorious Revolution- a bloodless coup d' etat in which Parliament forced James into exile in 1688 and placed William of Orange (who was Dutch) and Mary on the throne.
41. William and Mary dissolved the Dominion of New England and reinstated representative assemblies everywhere in the northern colonies. Massachusetts, Plymouth, and present day Maine were combined into a single royal colony headed by a governor appointed by the Crown rather than elected by the people
42. Enforcement of Navigation Acts- Parliament had to enlarge the number of customs officials stationed in each colony to enforce the Navigation Acts in 1696 and persecuted smugglers; the Board of Trade replaced the old Lords of Trade; these procedures were pretty effective; royal governments had been established in Virginia, New York, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire with New Jersey, the Carolinas, Georgias (totally forgot about them) would be added soon. (Maryland remains free!)
Okay, that completes Part Two- for anything not clearly explained it will be in After the Fact, so read that again before the test :)
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